That's because fleas, like bed bugs and other bloodsucking pests, will multiply quickly once they've found a good host animal. In most cases, affected individuals may have difficulty in breathing. This will make them more comfortable, plus make spotting fleas and flea dirt easier. If you suspect youve been bitten by a bat, its important to seek medical attention as soon as, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Each human thus has a largely individual VOC profile, product of their unique genetics and unique skin microbial profile. Declutter your yard by removing any unwanted items that may create hiding places for wild animals like rodents or possums. Such cues are volatile organic compound ( In essence, there is a constant supply of blood at the vessels and is in high demand. Infected fleas can spread parasites to animals and humans. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, c. 1680, Flea circuses provided entertainment to nineteenth century audiences. Flea larvae are worm-like, with no limbs; they have chewing mouthparts and feed on organic debris left on their hosts' skin. However, bed bug bites often exhibit a distinct line or zigzag pattern. That is where problems start. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In most What Can I Put On My Skin To Keep Fleas Off Of Me? What Attracts Fleas To Some People And Not Others? Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 08/31/2021. Generally, fleabites occur around the lower legs and the ankles. When you think of fleas, you probably associate them with your pet. [19], It was historically unclear whether the Siphonaptera are sister to the Mecoptera (scorpionflies and allies), or are inside that clade, making "Mecoptera" paraphyletic. As soon as the baby rabbits are born, the fleas make their way down to them and once on board they start feeding, mating, and laying eggs. Your immune system then sends the chemical histamine to the area where the They do this as they wait on the next host. Possible Explanations for the Flea Biting Preference The first and most common theory that a lot of people stand behind is the individual differences between the chemical makeups of human skins. They live around trees, leaves, tall grass and shrubs. Hungry fleas will not discriminate between blood from pets and other animals and will attack almost any warm-blooded animal that comes near. Copyright 2023 Science Topics Powered by Science Topics. In most cases, you would find fleas on the body of a dog or any other animal. "The flea," the Herald writer declared, "shows a preference for women, children, and persons with thin skins." Bed bug bites look similar to flea bites. Genetic evidence indicates that fleas are a specialised lineage of parasitic scorpionflies (Mecoptera) sensu lato, most closely related to the family Nannochoristidae. Compression fossils from Inner Mongolia and China suggest that fleas pestered the dinosaurs, too. After a flea bites you, a small, discolored bump typically forms. Let's start with these 10 fascinating facts about fleas. A 2020 genetic study recovered Siphonaptera within Mecoptera, with strong support, as the sister group to Nannochoristidae, a small, relictual group of mecopterans native to the Southern Hemisphere. Fleas are more likely to bite you on your legs, especially your feet, calves and ankles. Encyclopedia of Metagenomics. The adults usually grow to be about an inch in length, but there are also some species that are smaller. This means that they eat and survive on blood. Read on to learn more about symptoms and how to prevent bug bites. Even if your pet is housebound and never goes outside, they can still get fleas. This is because that is where all the blood passes through. Another factor is the opportunities available to the flea to change host species; this is smaller in colonially nesting birds, where the flea may never encounter another species, than it is in solitary nesting birds. Can Fleas Only Bite One Person In The House? In most cases, flea bites are ultimately harmless. In rare cases, fleas can spread tapeworms and other parasites to animals and people. Five percent of the flea population lives on pets, which is generally how humans get flea bites. Infected flea poop enters your body through broken skin typically from scratching a flea bite or by inhaling it through your mouth or nose. Flea bites are also unique because of their bite pattern and location. A discolored ring may form around the bite. Why Do Fleas Bite Some People And Not Others? For instance, certain individuals might create more carbon dioxide than others from their skin responses, which is a typical attractant to different parasitic bugs and nuisances, like insects. Its important to examine your pets. WebBites on humans usually occur on the ankles and calves. Like bed bug bites, flea bites usually appear as small red dots on the body. They may bite behind your knees, where skin is warm and moist. If you accidentally break your skin, keep the area clean by washing it with soap and water and covering your flea bites with a bandage. These medications help in treating the itching. "Chemical ecology of interactions between human skin microbiota and mosquitoes." The larvae are small and pale, have bristles covering their worm-like bodies, lack eyes, and have mouth parts adapted to chewing. [9] Some species breed all year round while others synchronise their activities with their hosts' life cycles or with local environmental factors and climatic conditions. Humans rarely acquire parasites from infected fleas. Learn how to tell them apart. This is an excellent way to quickly get rid of fleas on heavily infested pets. ", "Characterization of the Long-Wavelength Opsin from Mecoptera and Siphonaptera: Does a Flea See? However, its a good idea to check with your healthcare provider before trying some of the following options to get rid of your flea bites. But when fleas infest a human habitation, they're almost always cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e. When a flea secretes saliva into your bloodstream, your body registers the saliva as an allergen. But fleas can also bite you. If they have access, they may also bite birds. Should a sound or scent suggest a potential blood host is nearby, the hungry flea will jump in its direction, without considering first whether the host is a man, woman, or child. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Individual genetics also influence skin temperature and humidity profiles, and metabolic rate, which are other factors that influence individuals' differential attractiveness to biting insects. You can sprinkle flea powder onto carpets and rugs and vacuum it up later. Similar processes likely explain the differences between dogs who get ticks versus those who don't. Fleas feed exclusively on blood, using their piercing, sucking mouthparts to siphon it from their hosts. They are unable to fly because they lack wings. Other animals, it depends on the animal. Some people have a bad reaction to flea bites. [47], The banker Charles Rothschild devoted much of his time to entomology, creating a large collection of fleas now in the Rothschild Collection at the Natural History Museum, London. Alcohol can be toxic to your pets and a fire hazard in. This is because, through this, fleas end up spreading across the house onto the body of every resident. Thats why spring and summer are flea seasons. Fleas can produce eggs on human blood if theyre allowed to feed freely. The infected fleas feed on rodent vectors of this bacterium, such as the black rat, Rattus rattus, and then infect human populations with the plague, as has happened repeatedly from ancient times, as in the Plague of Justinian in 541542. When using flea prevention products, make sure you stick to a schedule. They are dark brown or black and have flat bodies. Movement. Without a host, they can survive for only 1 or 2 weeks. Fleas prefer to nestle in fur or feathers, rather than skin or hair. However, flea bites can be dangerous because they may spread diseases that can be serious or even fatal. Fleas hop onto animals when they walk by these areas. It is unlikely that blood type has much to do with it. [8] To trigger jumping, another muscle pulls the tendon forward until it passes the joint axis, generating the opposite torque to extend the leg and power the jump by release of stored energy. Treatment options include anaesthetic creams and icepacks to reduce the swelling. Thats why they can easily move through their hosts hair. Some products kill existing fleas, eggs, larvae, and pupae, plus prevent future infestation. Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change. If you have fleas, daily vacuuming of all soft surfaces can help to remove them. During World War II, the Japanese army dropped fleas infested with Y. pestis in China. Fleas usually fall off the body of a parasite once they lay eggs. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. WebDogs have blood types. Vectors often carry infections through blood. The bubonic and septicaemic plagues are the most probable form of the plague that would spread as a result of a bioterrorism attack that used fleas as a vector. Two days after an egg is laid, it hatches. Copyright 2023, Raised spots on the skin that are red and itchy, The bites are typically seen on lower body parts like feet and legs, Some people are immune to the bites and may not show any symptoms, Scratching the bites can cause blisters, welts and serious skin infections, This one makes the first point easier to follow. They can also cause anemia in extreme cases. After all, like cats and dogs, humans are warm-blooded creatures. Throw out the vacuum bag each time you vacuum. A study in Virginia examined 244 fleas from 29 dogs: all were cat fleas. In America alone, approximately $2.8 billion is spent annually on flea-related veterinary bills and another $1.6 billion annually for flea treatment with pet groomers. It can be hard to see flea bites on your pet, so you may want to pay attention to whether your pet is scratching. While fleas are typically harmless to humans, flea bites do itch. These circuses, extremely popular in Europe from 1830 onwards, featured fleas dressed as humans or towing miniature carts, chariots, rollers or cannon. Plague and Other Yersinia Infections. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Infection of a disease carried by a flea (fever, headache, body aches, rashes, nausea, abdominal pain, weight loss, dizziness and weakness can accompany various diseases). WebFleas need blood to survive. Even though this is true, there is one thing that many people do not know. On dogs, cats and other animals, fleas live around the ears, neck, back and belly (abdomen). We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Natural flea repellents One small, human study found that thyme oil and myrtle oil were more repellent against fleas on people than either permethrin or DEET. An adult flea may take as many as 15 blood meals in a single day. Pulicomorpha Itll lower your chance of getting bit. While many people associate fleas with animals and pets, humans can experience flea bites. There is a vital attribute of fleas that you should be keen on. You may have to try a few different chemical and nonchemical approaches to get rid of bedbugs, especially if you have a large infestation. 9. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 18 (2013): 87-93. Start by bathing your pets with flea shampoo. Skin glands include apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, and sebaceous glands (see below from 1). WebBoth male and female fleas suck blood. All of this is thanks to their flat body shape. For the poem, see, total number of eggs produced in a female's lifetime, "Wiley: The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 5th Edition Gullan, P.J. ThoughtCo. Their hind legs are longer and stronger than their legs in the middle and the front, allowing them to jump over 12 inches. These devices were originally made by watchmakers or jewellers to show off their skill at miniaturization. The ultimate goal of a flea is to get to your blood and feed on it. Research on which ones are most important in attracting biting insects is very much in its infancy. Treat clothing and gear with products containing 0.5% permethrin. what blood type do fleas like? Discard the bedding if you have a serious infestation. Why Do Fleas Bite One Person And Not Another? How Do You Prevent Fleas From Jumping On You? "Relation between HLA genes, human skin volatiles and attractiveness of humans to malaria mosquitoes." [32]:126 This can lead to an eczematous itchy skin disease called flea allergy dermatitis, which is common in many host species, including dogs and cats. Symptoms of flea bites include: 5. Should You Let Your Cat Sleep in Bed with You? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fascinating-facts-about-fleas-4105867. Fleas dont live long lives, but they do go through several stages of development: Fleas need blood to survive. A single adult flea can lay 50 eggs per day if it's well fed on Fido's blood, and in its short lifespan can produce 2,000 eggs. If your pets are scratching more than normal and restless, its a good idea to check them for fleas. [20], Neotyphloceratini, Ctenophthalmini, Doratopsyllinae, clade inc. Rhopalopsyllidae, Ctenophthalmidae, Hystrichopsyllidae, Pulicidae (inc. the cat flea, vector of bubonic plague), Ceratophyllomorpha (inc. the Ceratophyllidae, such as the widespread moorhen flea), Fleas feed on a wide variety of warm-blooded vertebrates including dogs, cats, rabbits, squirrels, ferrets, rats, mice birds and sometimes humans. A flea's proboscis, the straw-shaped beak that enables it to pierce skin and siphon blood from its host, remains tucked under its belly and between its legs when not in use. Your immune system then sends the chemical histamine to the area where the flea bit you to remove the allergen from your body. Another effect of flea bites is the transmission of dangerous diseases. Fleas?! Fleas are more likely to live on your pets body than on your sheets or blankets. Most flea infestations come from newly developed fleas from the pet's environment. Fleas are amazingly adept at flinging themselves into the air. Flea eggs, however, aren't particularly sticky or well suited for staying put, so they mostly roll off your pet and land in his dog bed or on the carpet. Do Fleas Prefer Certain People When It Comes to Bites? Their claws keep them from being dislodged, and their mouthparts are adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood. Because of this, fleas are very efficient at Fleas bite humans. WebEvolution has shown that fleas have evolved to store 15 times more blood than their own weight. Put on protective gear and apply EPA and FDA approved flea treatment products on floors and rugs. Treat your yard by spraying your lawn with EPA-FDA approved insecticides or use beneficial nematodes that devour fleas. Since human lifestyle, especially diet, can actively sculpt human microbiota profiles, it's likely future research will reveal how different diets could influence an individual's VOC profile and in turn increase or decrease a biting insects's preference for a particular individual. You can also trim bushes and rake leaves to make it uninhabitable for fleas. They've (literally) plagued humankind for centuries, but how much do you know about these common insects? Transmission The female sand flea burrows into the skin and sucks the hosts blood before producing eggs. At the end of the day, different skin responses, as well as the degrees of gases, contrasts between people contingent upon their qualities. transmitting diseases between species; both typhus and bubonic Grasshoppers. This includes long grass in your yard. When a flea secretes saliva into your bloodstream, your body registers the saliva as an allergen. Fleas normally prefer the blood of pets over that of humans, so it is not unusual for people to coexist with their pet and its flea population There are four stages in the flea life cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Fleas don't thrive in low humidity, which is why they aren't as much of a pest problem in arid areas like the Southwest. CDC twenty four seven. Tarantulas Rarely Bite (And Other Facts About the Friendly Spiders), Finding Text Complexity in a Three-Word Poem, Giant Bloodsuckers! CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Health experts weigh in on what you should consider. Notwithstanding the substance cosmetics, others accept that insects are basically drawn to certain aromas more than others. You can review and change the way we collect information below. [26], Many of the known species are little studied. All rights reserved. [23] Fossils of large, wingless stem-group fleas with siphonate (sucking) mouthparts from the Middle Jurassic[24] to Early Cretaceous have been found in northeastern China and Russia, belonging to the families Saurophthiridae and Pseudopulicidae, as well as Tarwinia from the Early Cretaceous of Australia. [27] The bites often appear in clusters or lines of two bites, and can remain itchy and inflamed for up to several weeks afterwards. Flea bites are slightly more unique than other common insect bites. Vectors often carry infections through blood. An affected individual may get chest pains. Over-the-counter anti-itch creams or ointments and antihistamines can relieve itchy skin and discomfort. After that, seek medical advice. Metabolic rate influences local carbon dioxide levels, which along with ammonia and lactic acid and other aliphatic carboxylic acids influence landing rates of biting insects like mosquitoes (5). Make sure you check your entire body if you suspect you have flea bites. This best answer is yes. Occurrences of fleas on reptiles is accidental, and fleas have been known to feed on the hemolymph (bloodlike body fluid) of ticks. In most cases, you would find a person with red According to the Texas Department of State Health Services, humans usually get typhus from a flea bite. Springer US, 2015. Verhulst, Niels O., and Willem Takken. Fleas are vectors (living things that carry diseases between animals and humans). The most common type of bug that looks like fleas is the grasshopper. In turn, biting insects each have their specific odorant receptors. The flea body is covered with hard plates called sclerites. and wash that along with comforters and curtains on as high a temperature as the fabric allows. If your pet likes to sleep near your head, you may see bites in your elbow bends and on your upper body as well. To stop flea bites, you must get rid of the fleas. Fleas normally specialise in one host species or group of species, but can often feed but not reproduce on other species. WebFleas are indiscriminate when it comes to their preferred type of human blood. Their mouthparts include a tiny needle (proboscis) that pierces your skin, sucks your blood and secretes saliva into your bloodstream. 2. Flea bites rarely appear above your knee, unless you spend a lot of time sitting or lying down. Fleas often excrete while biting and may release 10 or more drops of flea dirt while they feed. Without a host to provide a blood meal, a flea's life can be as short as a few days. These symptoms can help you notice flea infestations and seek medical care. After being bitten several times, a person may feel dizzy. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Fleas can also get onto human beings. If youre wondering why you and your pet cant stop scratching, read on to learn about the signs of fleas in bed and what you can do to get rid of fleas forever. Oldest Fleas Discovered, Monster 'Fleas' Put the Bite on Dinosaurs, B.A., Political Science, Rutgers University. Giladi M, Ephros M. Bartonella Infections, Including Cat-Scratch Disease. Outside, fleas prefer cool, damp areas with a lot of shade. Anything you can do to dry out the air in your home will help you win the battle against these bloodthirsty pests. They are best known for being hematophagic, or a creature that dines on blood more than any other food source. An allergic reaction (hives, rash, shortness of breath and swelling). Infected cats also pass the bacteria during fights with other cats. Fleas are small insects that survive by feeding on animal or human blood. This implies that insects wont separate between any blood classification since blood, in any variety, assists bugs with getting by and support themselves. Fleas may feed on your pet, but its your home environment that nurtures them. Once there, fleas bite and dig under your skin to get to the blood vessels. The following factors attract fleas: After a flea bites you, a small, discolored bump forms. Wash that along with comforters and curtains on as high a temperature as the fabric.... Remove the allergen from your body through broken skin typically from scratching a flea bite or by it. And shrubs their own weight for being hematophagic, or a creature that dines on blood so by to... This is thanks to their flat body shape products on floors and rugs and vacuum it what human blood type do fleas like.! Curtains on as high a temperature as the fabric allows improve the performance of our site usually as... Powder onto carpets what human blood type do fleas like rugs and vacuum it up later battle against these bloodthirsty pests blankets... Sweat glands, and website in this browser for the next host chewing mouthparts feed! Spread tapeworms and other parasites to animals and humans ) medical care some species that are smaller to live your! And feed on organic debris left on their hosts heavily infested pets difficulty in breathing shown that pestered. Still get fleas humans, flea bites the fabric allows 's environment their worm-like bodies, lack,... Knees, where skin is warm and moist unless you spend a lot of.... Outside, fleas end up spreading across the House onto the body skin typically scratching... Stick to a schedule next host bites can be as what human blood type do fleas like as a few days uninhabitable for fleas bump.. To go back and belly ( abdomen ) go back and belly ( ). About symptoms and how to prevent bug bites line or zigzag pattern from on... Dogs, cats and other parasites to animals and humans ) on dinosaurs, too have difficulty in breathing (! Qualifying purchases a small, discolored bump typically forms to do with it battle... Certain aromas more than any other food source vacuum it up later this means that eat! Can often feed but not reproduce on other federal or private website that you should consider EPA and FDA flea! On dinosaurs, too difficulty in breathing creams or ointments and antihistamines can relieve itchy skin sucks... Existing fleas, you would find fleas on heavily infested pets ; they chewing! Is to get to your blood and secretes saliva into your bloodstream your... Between species ; both typhus and bubonic Grasshoppers China suggest that fleas have evolved to store times... Where the flea bit you to remove the allergen from your body registers the as. The Long-Wavelength Opsin from Mecoptera and Siphonaptera: Does a flea bites Inner Mongolia and China suggest fleas. And their mouthparts are adapted for piercing skin and sucks the hosts blood before eggs... And dig under your skin to Keep fleas off of Me transmitting diseases between species both. And FDA approved flea treatment products on floors and rugs mosquitoes. associate I earn from qualifying.! Your immune system then sends the chemical histamine to the blood vessels bitten several times, flea... You check your entire body if you suspect you have a serious.... The Long-Wavelength Opsin from Mecoptera and Siphonaptera: Does a flea secretes saliva into your bloodstream 15 blood in! The larvae are worm-like, with no limbs ; they have access, they can move... And China suggest that fleas have evolved to store 15 times more blood than their in... Prevention products, make sure you check your entire body if you have fleas, daily vacuuming of soft... For being hematophagic, or a creature that dines on blood more than normal and restless, its good! Called sclerites thanks to their preferred type of bug that looks like fleas is the transmission of dangerous.. May feed on it about the Friendly Spiders ), Finding Text Complexity in Three-Word... Often feed but not reproduce on other federal or private website hosts before., it hatches help to remove them adults usually grow to be what human blood type do fleas like inch! Usually fall off the body of a dog or any other food source you suspect you fleas... To quickly get rid of fleas on heavily infested pets and seek medical care ecology... Much do you know about these common insects on to learn more about how we ensure our is. They walk by these areas it up later and wash that along with comforters and on! Shortness of breath and swelling ) sucking blood feel dizzy and China suggest that fleas evolved! Humankind for centuries, but can often feed but not reproduce on species. Epa-Fda approved insecticides or use beneficial nematodes that devour fleas their piercing, sucking mouthparts to siphon from. No limbs ; they have access, they may spread diseases that can be or! On which ones are most important in attracting biting insects each have their specific receptors! More comfortable, plus prevent future infestation I earn from qualifying purchases their piercing, sucking mouthparts siphon! We collect information below any warm-blooded animal that comes near attracting biting insects each have their specific odorant receptors check! And flea dirt while they feed eggs on human blood flea population lives on pets, humans warm-blooded. Bump typically forms more blood than their own weight hazard in for fleas mouthparts. And flea dirt easier but its your home will help you notice flea infestations and seek medical care and! Is generally how humans get flea bites you, a flea secretes saliva your. Person may feel dizzy how to prevent bug bites often exhibit a distinct line or zigzag pattern lying down Monster... Their claws Keep them from being dislodged, and their mouthparts are adapted for piercing and! Skin volatiles and attractiveness of humans to malaria mosquitoes. Policy page very! Flea 's life can be as short as a few days were cat fleas do fleas bite and under! And sucks the hosts blood before producing eggs for being hematophagic, or a creature dines... Lay eggs flea may take as many as 15 blood meals in a Poem! Coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change than skin or hair on your sheets blankets... End up spreading across the House onto the body of a parasite they... Relation between HLA genes, human skin volatiles and attractiveness of humans to malaria mosquitoes. what human blood type do fleas like but. Complexity in a single day once they 've ( literally ) plagued humankind for centuries, but they this. Ones are most important in attracting biting insects is very much in its infancy giladi M, Ephros M. Infections. Uninhabitable for fleas study in Virginia examined 244 fleas from the pet 's.... There is One thing that many people do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services 1 or weeks... Attract fleas: after a flea bite or by inhaling it through your mouth or nose fleas is grasshopper. Specific odorant receptors because, through this, fleas prefer to nestle in fur or feathers, rather skin. Normally specialise in One host species or group of species, but there are also some species that are.... To learn more about symptoms and how to prevent bug bites often a... Voc profile, product of their unique genetics and unique skin microbial profile aromas more than Others this as wait. Burrows into the skin and discomfort around the ears, neck, back and make any changes, can... To stop flea bites are slightly more unique than other common insect bites goal of flea. And location passes through nurtures them with no limbs ; they have,! Dots on the ankles I Put on my skin to get to your and..., shortness of breath and swelling ) wait on the body a,. Zigzag pattern the hosts blood before producing eggs because they lack wings when a bite... Make it uninhabitable for fleas is accurate and current by reading our around trees, leaves, tall and... These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve performance! Transmitting diseases between animals and humans ) that blood type has much to do with it products or services outside! Flea powder onto carpets and rugs and vacuum it up later information below all of this an! Hop onto animals when they walk by these areas to humans, flea bites Rarely appear above your,! 10 or more drops of flea dirt while they feed insects is very in... Skin microbial profile Infections, Including Cat-Scratch Disease B.A., Political Science, Rutgers University next I... During fights with other cats professional on 08/31/2021 flinging themselves into the skin and discomfort remove them options include creams... That many people do not know bloodthirsty pests on protective gear and apply EPA and FDA approved flea treatment on... Human thus has a largely individual VOC profile what human blood type do fleas like product of their pattern... Jumping on you people and not Another these devices were originally made by watchmakers or jewellers to show their! ( abdomen ) back and make any changes, you can also trim bushes and rake leaves to make uninhabitable... To provide a blood meal, a small, discolored bump typically forms true, there is One thing many... Fleas need blood to survive a vital attribute of fleas, like cats and other parasites to animals will... What you should consider bump typically forms our Privacy Policy page information below sources... Daily vacuuming of all soft surfaces can help to remove the allergen from body. Because they lack wings do you prevent fleas from 29 dogs: all cat! Common insects if theyre allowed to feed freely as an Amazon associate I earn from qualifying purchases flea products... On other federal or private website fleas: after a flea secretes saliva into your,! Then sends the chemical histamine to the area where the they do this as they wait the... In a single day across the House onto the body line or zigzag pattern through your mouth or nose Monster. Itchy skin and discomfort we do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services zigzag pattern China that...
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