Psychoanalysis was one of the very first theories in psychology, and we have Sigmund Freud to thank for that. However, if the truck is handed to a girl, she may quickly reject it (Dinella, 2017). Review the evidence linking gender differences in cognitive abilities to brain organization Some theorists propose that male and female brains are organized differently, which might account for gender differences in some gender-specific abilities. What is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? According to cognitive developmental theory, gender socialization occurs when children recognize that gender is constant and does not change which is referred to this as gender constancy. Kohlberg indicated that children choose various behaviors that align with their gender and match cultural stereotypes and expectations. Clarify whether these influences are independent of each other, or whether they interact with each other. What did Liben and Signorella (1993) find in their study? We will then take a very detailed look at various factors that impact gender socialization while also uncovering two common social theories social learning theory and social cognitive theory. Excellent question. We receive much of our information about gender from models in our environment (think about all the factors we just learned about parents, media, school, peers). Thus, it appears that gender development in those exposed to DES, particularly males, is greatly impacted (Bevan, 2017). How can cognitive theories of gender development be applied? She noted that ones family can strongly influence their development (or lack thereof) of this complex. Some studies support this theory, such as a 1993 study by Liben and Signorella in which 106 predominantly white children were shown stereotypical images of behaviours alongside neutral and non-stereotypical images. Moreover, when considering print media, we know that there tends to be a focus on appearance, body image, and relationships for teenage girls, whereas print media tends to focus on occupations and hobbies for boys. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. The need for the male attention was referred to overvaluation of love (Harris, 2016). The population that I am targeting is infancy through adolescents. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. What is a methodological issue associated with conducting interviews with child participants? As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gender Development When we look at a particular topic in psychology from a particular psychological approach, it can be helpful to look at how other schools of thought also approach the same phenomenon. This difference has been linked to variations in social, language, and visual development between sexes. Write by: . Post an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one's perspective on the value of psychotherapy treatments. Expert Answer Gender development is influenced by many forces of life. For example, people with a genetic condition known as Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. Clarify how psychoanalysis relates to gender development. Then we uncovered two cognitive-based theories Kohlbergs theory and gender schema theory. who suggested that our gender identities develop in a series of atges between the ages of 2 and 7? Bandura posits three major types of influences that operate to promote gender role development: (1) modeling (observing gender-relevant conceptions and behaviors from a wide range of sources, including family members, peers, teachers, and the media), (2) enactive or direct experience (gender-relevant learning related What is gender biologically? Moreover, boys tend to be very unforgiving and intolerant of nonconforming gender play (Fagot, 1984). Carol Martin and Charles Halverson developed the gender schema theory in 1981. Once a child can label their own gender, they begin to apply schemas to themselves. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. The human brain is divided into two halves: the cerebral hemispheres are the right and left halves of the cerebrum, which is the convoluted . For example, in adolescence, boys tend to be more career focused whereas girls are focused on relationships (again, this aligns with the emphasis we see placed by educators on children based on their gender). Children learn what it means to be a boy or girl from their environment, clothes, and toys. Even video games have gender stereotyped focuses. In other words, gender identity takes place in our minds and is not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. The influence of nutrition on child development can be seen in areas such as physical and cognitive health. What do you do (lets assume the nice little instructions with pictures are not posted on the equipment)? Although interpretations and adherence to gender stereotypes is very rigid initially, as children get enter middle childhood, they learn more about stereotypes and that gender stereotypes are flexible and varied (Bussey, 2014). There are two different factors at play: our genetics and our hormones. When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. Hormones are chemicals in our body's endocrine system carried through the bloodstream that performs specific functions. This occurs due to varying levels of exposure to testosterone. These theories can be generally divided into three families: biological, socialization, and cognitive. When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to act rather than behave naturally. In a girl, it is the other way around. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. To carry out the required tasks, males needed higher androgens/testosterone to allow for higher muscle capacity as well as aggression. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. This approach believes that biological sex creates gendered behaviour. What is the cognitive theory of gender development? As they grow, children add (through observation) to their gender schemas. Their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. This theory states that these social influences impact childrens development of gender understanding and identity (Bussey, 2014). This could be because staying with like-minded people, such as members of your gender, was much safer than spending time with people very dissimilar to you (e.g., an unfamiliar group) because they would not have much incentive to raise you and help you survive. The book's current empirical focus is complemented by a lively and readable style that includes anecdotes about children's everyday experiences. The biosocial approach (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972) is an interactionist approach where by nature and nurture both play a role in gender development. Our biological sex is determined at birth by our 23rd chromosome. These are psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental theory. Lastly, a phase in which children begin to recognize that schemas are flexible and allow for a bit more of a gray area occurs (Dinella, 2017). Give examples that support your conclusion. However, this theory is limited by methodological problems associated with the studies that support it. Moreover, when females are exposed to higher levels of testosterone, they engage in more male-typical play (e.g., preference for trucks over dolls, active play over quiet), rather than female-typical play compared to their counterparts (Hines et al., 2002; Klubeck, Fuentes, Kim-Prieto, 2017; Pasterski et al., 2005). Socially and culturally, clothing is symbolized identity for everyone. Lastly, socio-cognitive explanations propose that we have changed our environment, and that we have changed in the environment in which natural selection occurs. For example, boys preferred toys that an adult labeled as boy toys. Children are motivated by society's binary expectations to establish their gender identity. what assumption do we need to make when using the cognitive approach to understand gender? The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. DES was prescribed to pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s. Biological factors of personality are very important for the formation of human personality. Cognitive approaches use computer models and introspective studies to examine how our thoughts affect us. Men and women have different brain structures. The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. Following the Phallic stage is the Latency stage, in which Freud indicated that no real psychosexual development occurs; rather impulses are repressed. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. What are some biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development? What are some cognitive influences on gender? Regarding biological theories, there tends to be four areas of focus. Explain how the socialization of gender occurs. What are the 3 major theories of gender development? Kohlberg (1966) and the gender schema theory (1981). If a child has created a schema that says boys play with trucks, when the boy is handed a truck, he will quickly choose to play with it. Even Disney movies tend to portray stereotyped roles for gender, often having a female in distress that needs to be saved by a male hero; although Disney has made some attempts to show women as more independent and assertive in more characters. We pick out boy and girl names, choose particular colors for nurseries, types of clothing, and decor, all based on a childs gender, often before they are ever born (Bussey, 2014). As children get older, peers become increasingly influential. Outline potential strengths and weaknesses of these theories. It was theorized that ones psyche is impacted significantly by major and minor events, even in infancy. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes, and how they can explain our behaviors and certain psychological phenomena. If you want to read more about a case that Freud worked on that directly deals with and outlines the Oedipus complex, https://www.simplypsychology.org/little-hans.html has a nice summary of the story of Little Hans. That means we are not focusing on the anatomical/biological sex development of an individual, rather, we are focusing on how biological factors may impact gender development and gendered behavior. Which of these groups of people do children tend to consider more favourable than the other? We then become models for others as well! This idea forms the basis for the two cognitive explanations of gender development we will explore in this section. It should be noted that the amount of rigidity to gender norms of the behavior being modeled is also important (Perry & Bussey, 1979). Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. A child's interests and behavior is influenced by the parent or the authority . The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Prenatal toxin exposure appears to be relevant when examining diethylstilbestrol (DES), specifically. However, by age 2, they show preferences. Gender schema theory describes how gender identities develop based on our schemas about that aspect of ourselves and others. Describe how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy, and explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for . For example, girls did better academically if their parents took this approach versus very gender-traditional families. This is learning in which we obtain behavioral feedback from people and our environment and make adjustments based on it(Bevan, 2017). Testosterone levels have been linked to sex-typed toy play and activity levels in young children. These theories can be generally divided into three families: biological, socialization, and cognitive. Then, there is kinship-based explanations that reason that very early on, we lived in groups as a means of protection and survival. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities also mature, meaning we are capable of more complex thought. Table of Contents show What are the biological differences between genders? Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. Briefly, Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in life. Article. An understanding of these roles is evident in children as young as age four, and they play a large role in social development. suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. Although Kohlberg indicated that modeling was important and relevant, he posited that it was only relevant once gender constancy is achieved. If not, no worries, we are about to have a crash course to catch you up! Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. By a childs second year of life, children begin to display knowledge of gender stereotypes. So, what does this have to do with Freuds stages and theory? and girls are encouraged to play in ways that develop housekeeping skills (dolls, kitchen sets; Bussey, 2014). Briefly, Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in.! Only relevant once gender constancy is achieved expectations to establish their gender and match stereotypes... Nice little instructions with pictures are not posted on the equipment ), even in infancy very important the. 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