As part of a 4-person CA Within the US Army, a Theater Special Operations Command (TSOC) commander will be able to scan a room and immediately ascertain the expert in the civil domain sitting on his or her staff. There is no other Army force that requires as much training and dedication as Special Operations, but those who succeed will experience a level of success few Soldiers will ever know. The result: we ensure our CA Soldiers have access to the same performance optimizing tools that college and professional athletes utilize for both body and mind. From https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN33094-FM_3-57-000-WEB-1.pdf, Hughes, M. W. (2021, February 19). These unique skills [emphasis added] allow them to better establish and maintain relationships and communication channels with various civil entities, facilitate coordination and integration, facilitate information flow, synchronize efforts, and promote mission legitimacy (Department of the Army, 2019). Shaping Authority in the Human Domain. SOF CA faces an existential crisis. (2021, July). Civil Affairs (CA) Soldiers operate in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments utilizing specialized tactics, techniques, and procedures. Successfully completing these tasks is no small feat and proof of the importance of highly skilled and qualified CA Soldiers. (Then) Major Saiduddin and Sergeant First Class Schafer observe a cultural bias in CA in favor of kinetic warfare. On 26 September 1994, the 96th CA Bn was given the responsibility for the organization and execution of the operation. Civil Affairs Force of the Future. On the macro-level, an RC O-6 banker in civilian life was instrumental in negotiating loans from the World Bank to Bosnian farmers. I acknowledge the latest version may address some of the concerns highlighted in the 2017 and 2020 surveys. For example, an RC CA NCO from New York Transit Authority instrumental in getting the Sarajevo tram line running again, a symbol that the city is returning to something resembling normality. NCOs who choose to reclassify into the RC CA, will attend a 4-week course to qualify for their new MOS. Anecdotally, I heard from all levels of leadership how much better the branch is now than when they joined. I began my career as a maneuver officer. Special Operations are the most elite forces in the U.S. Army. Unlike most branches, CA offers two distinct paths to enter the career field. While the Special Forces (SF) Soldier is awarded the coveted Green Beret and tab indicating their status as a member of the illustrious SF Regiment and the SOF community at large, the CA Soldier is indistinguishable from non-SOF Soldiers in 1st Special Forces Command (1st SFC). Likewise, SOF Civil Affairs could easily position themselves as the ideal career springboard for various aligned Functional Areas and recruit accordingly. The proud graduates of the Active Duty Special Operations Civil Affairs Qualification Course, referred to in this paper as the SOF CAQC, need such a symbol. Civil Affairs: Transforming Training. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. Each developed its own programs. It is doubtful the chance to be a jumpmaster is changing anyones mind. Governance officer. Or perhaps you would like to take an S9 job? CANCOs occasionally attended 18C training before the opportunity was closed to CA (CA Rule #2: SOF CA is not a SOF peer). He has a Masters of Public Affairs (MPA) from Indiana University, Bloomington, focused on Public Policy. Instead of monetary promises, we bank on a marketed skill set that we do not possess. Whenever the anti-Axis forces challenged the Germans on land, they would almost certainly have to deal with civilian populations from the outset. His solution, a CA Creed, is unfortunately also a type of branding. In October 1939, the Judge Advocate General, Maj. Gen. Allen W. Gullion, turned down one such recommendation on the ground that his office had recently published U.S. Army Field Manual FM 2710, The Rules of Land Warfare, which contained a substantial section on civil administration. In 2017, Civil Affairs solicited anonymous feedback from 152 Active-Duty Captains (see. F-35 Next Buyer: Will India Finally Acquire the American Stealth Fighter? The truth is, we are often not what we say we are, and we often cannot do what we tell others we do. The major problem faced by the CAD was heavy destruction of the infrastructure. Because combat was basically over after D-Day, the Grenada intervention depended proportionally more on civil affairs and civic action than any U.S. Army operation since the Caribbean interventions. By early 1970, statistics indicated that 93 percent of South Vietnamese lived in "relatively secure" villages, an increase of almost 20 percent from the middle of 1968. Free shipping for many products! Civil Affairs Redefined. Also unhelpful is the definition of Civil Affairs that Dennis Cahill (Colonel, retired) described as circular, essentially stating civil affairs are military forces that conduct civil affairs operations (Cahill, 2020). Often, foreign partner forces are unclear of the level of professionalism within the CA branch. Janzi-Schichter, J. This in turn will spur others, both in and out of the organization, to expect more from its members. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. Optimizing Civil Affairs through Branding and Narrative Strategies. Civilizations, organizations, corporations, and even an individuals identity are built on and around symbols. Test your physical and mental endurance and reach your peak potential as a Soldier and a person. Air Force Captain Ron Keys distinctly captures the identity problems within CA in his famous Dear Boss letter. Morgan Keay. Language training is also not given the focus it deserves, even though it provides an opportunity for a specialized capability (true language proficiency beyond a 1+) within SOF. Due to the difficulty, some Soldiers dont make it past training and instead get placed in a related job within the regular Army. - Planning in Large Scale Combat Operations (LSCO), - Indigenous Governance By 1942 Nazi Germany controlled most of Europe and was driving deep into the Soviet Union and across North Africa toward Egypt. Above all, the Civil Affairs tab will simultaneously catalyze camaraderie among the ranks and hold the CA community accountable to a higher standard of excellence through greater visibility. Emergency power generators at local hospitals in some of the towns were also serviced. CA Captains are acutely aware of this (2020 survey comments 4,5,25,26,27). WebLiddick et al., Calibrating Civil Affairs Forces.. All of this against a background that prohibited nation-building. The most far-reaching impact of the recent CA operations in Bosnia is the formation by other countries of units with CA-like missions, thereby decreasing the burden on U.S. CA forces. AC and RC CA units and individual soldiers truly come into their own. The resultant effects are felt most distinctly by the tactical stakeholders in CA: Captain Team Leaders and their teams. Coordination was uneven. Carving our Niche: A Modular Concept for Future Civil Affairs. CORDS had a large, mostly American, civilian contingent as well. I understand this paper is reminiscent of Jerry Maguire, In an excellent article regarding cynicism in SOF, Naval Postgraduate School Professor Anna Simons. In August, the Special Inspector for Afghanistan (SIGAR). *duration: 3 weeks, An official website of the United States government. They make sure Army commanders are aware of what civilian communities abroad might need when caught in crisis zones, while also helping to direct the distribution of humanitarian aid in both combat and non-combat zones. - CA in support of: Unconventional Warfare & Foreign Internal Defense 20 and ensuring the Provost Marshals office enforced it. Major tasks were getting the international airport functioning, providing medical assistance, establishing a "user-friendly" demilitarized police force, establishing a displaced civilians facility, and assisting the legally elected government take control. Bryant, C., McKneely, H., & Peterson, M. (2019, October 5). For most of the time after its inception and through the early 1970s, CORDS was headed by Ambassador William Colby, later to become the head of the CIA.[6]. Scott enjoyed great success in keeping civilian problems from interfering with military operations by issuing General Order No. On the other hand, the War Department realized that it had taken too narrow a view and expanded its policy on planning for future operations to include preparations for food, health, housing, and security of civilian populations. Of course not. All rights reserved. Civil Affairs operators are versatile, innovative, and highly trained Soldiers who operate in small, autonomous teams among local populations, even in hostile or denied Active duty Major Wyatt Hughes assessed the CA identity as one of the branchs most significant challenges. Additionally, the 2020 survey responses regarding leadership, ethics, and processes in the branch show improvement from 2017. From Small Wars Journal: https://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/dear-boss-i-dont-just-quit-i-give-up, Krohley, D. N. (2020, February 8). The effectiveness of CORDS was a function of integrated civilian and military teams at every level of society in Vietnam. In contrast, more than 55% of respondents strongly. USARSOC controlled the Army Reserve Special Operations Forces, formed December 1, 1989, which consisted of Army Reserve Special Forces, CA and Psychological Operations units. If the three tribes are equal, this equality manifests itself strangely regarding who is in command, fills Special Operations Forces Liaison Element (SOFLE) positions, attends advanced SOF schooling, and controls any cross-functional element merging the three equities, etc. From https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN16448_ FM%203-57%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf, Headquarters, Department of the Army. Working at the recruiting office, they are not only preparing themselves for the future, but are helping pave the way for future candidates. This is typically expressed in a brief by an SF officer to the other SF officers and SF NCOs sitting around the table. Made up of five specialized units, each bringing their own unique strength, Takes on the Armys most challenging missions, Requires extensive training to ensure physical and mental resiliency, They are combat experts who specialize in conducting raids within enemy territory, They take on high priority and high-pressure missions, They require Airborne qualification, a General Technical score on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)the Armys placement testof at least 105, and extensive training, They are guerrilla warfare experts who use unexpected and unconventional techniques, They fight terrorists and insurgents abroad, They require secret security clearance eligibility, Airborne qualification, an ASVAB placement test GT score of at least 100, and extensive training, They are aviation experts who use cutting-edge aircraft to surprise enemiesanywhere and any time, They operate the most advanced military aircraft in the world, including Black Hawk helicopters, They are communication experts who persuade our allies and enemies to act in our nations best interest, They leverage cultural expertise, language skills, and military deception to sway opinions and actions, They require secret security clearance eligibility, an ASVAB placement test GT score of at least 100, and extensive training, They are diplomacy experts who help reduce instability and enable local governments abroad. (2018, October 12). Provide SOF CA General Officer representation. Perhaps this is why the standard training event for a deployed CAT is Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). Likewise, our methods are not particularly unique. Every military unit is inherently required to consider the civil domain, and any unit can fill out an ASCOPE-PMESII template. History has demonstrated time and time again that a military with high morale can do things that odds would suggest are impossible. World War II was clearly going to be different; governments had disappeared, gone into exile, or become collaborating puppets. However, it is an indictment on leadership that doctrine and training concerns, raised consistently for years, are still seemingly unaddressed. If the tribes are equal, could a CAQC failure move over to SF? In mid-1968, the new MACV commander, General Creighton Abrams, and his new civilian deputy, William Colby, used CORDS as the implementing mechanism for an accelerated pacification program that became the priority effort for the United States. During the Korean War (19501953), U.S. Army CA found itself involved for the first time in a subsistence agrarian society. Battalions then deploy teams armed with their wits, previous branch experience, and Google. I understand this paper is reminiscent of Jerry Maguire saying the things people only think. In 2020, I re-created this survey and distributed it to a convenience sample. Give Civil Affairs NCOs another three months of full-time language relevant to their region, and put a 2+ speaker on every team. This tab will acknowledge the bearers excellence and dedication in completing the SOF CAQC, distinguishing an individual from those who have not completed the necessary rigors, and identify them as professionals in the realm of the civil domain. Since there were no fixed battle lines, CA personnel had to stay in some places indefinitely. WebThis article highlights Special Operations Civil Affairs (SOF CA) unique ability to support the U.S. Militarys governance mission in Northwest Africa and to claim the potential for a Civil Affairs-commanded Task Force and Company Headquarters in the region. Developing the Civil Affairs Identity. As a result of the branchs failure to train or project value, Major Jantzi-Schlichter notes, CA units [are] underutilized or tasked to execute other responsibilities that are not CA related such as planning redeployment ceremonies or the brigade ball (2018, p. 16). They deserve a symbol to recognize their accomplishments, communicate their expertise, and most importantly, foster esprit de corps. Additionally, doctrine claims CA forces can can support a shadow government or government-in-exile to plan for and administer civil government in the areas of rule of law, economic stability, infrastructure, governance, public health and welfare, and public education and information (Headquarters, Department of the Army, 2019, pp. He identifies various forces, including the National Guard, who routinely carry out civil-military activities while lacking organic CA forces (Saiduddin, 2018). Yet, esprit de corps can neither be purchased nor trained; it must be instilled. Special Operations Forces (SOF) Civil Affairs (CA) Teams are often forced to kite checks. From large-scale combat to small-unit raids, be the one in control of the battlefield. He previously served as an infantryman at the 1st Squadron (Airborne), 40th Cavalry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division deploying to Kosovo. (2021, February 21). Make leading a CA team a second team leader opportunity for senior SF Captains. Never before or since has U.S. Army Civil Affairs been so extensively involved in nation rebuilding for so long. It is relatively simple to solve CA Rule #2: SOF CA is not a SOF peerif SOF is serious about this branch being a SOF peer, CA must be considered and placed in serious jobs. Enlisted Soldiers must first qualify and then be selected to join Special Operations. The most pressing case for a Civil Affairs tab is vitalizing the lifeblood of the branch esprit de corps. Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course Attempting to mimic SF's skill set or team design only exacerbates this problem. Brand and narrative are more important than competence. It is something that can be coveted and foster pride for those who wear it proudly. What We Need to Learn:Lessons from Twenty Years of Afghanistan Reconstruction. Moreover, CA suffers from organizational attention deficit disorder exacerbated by the latest leadership guidance often supplanting doctrine (2017 comments 4,8,9,10,13; 2020 comments 2,5,10,11,43). Civil Operations and Rural Development Support (CORDS), One of the most valuable and successful elements during the conflict was the Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS) program, which was the civil affairs/civil-military operations aspect of American forces. What is the recruiting pitch to join SOF CA as it is currently structured, trained, and employed? [1] As this survey was a personal rather than a sponsored research project, I did not expect to achieve the same respondent size as the 2017 survey. Additionally, the 2020 survey responses regarding leadership, ethics, and processes in the branch show improvement from 2017. U.S. CA policy was one of teaching Panamanians how to satisfy their own needs.[8]. Organization In the U.S.-Mexican War, Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott could be considered the "Father of Civil Affairs." In the winter of 1950-51 the movement of several million refugees threatened interference with the use of vital communication lines. Morgan Keay observed the tools CA uses still revolve around blunt instruments such as ASCOPE-PMESII[2] that simply inventory features in an operating environment (Keay, 2018). WebIt is four days into Operation Sluss-Tiller, the three-week culminating exercise for the Armys civil affairs program. Each Soldier will be forced to uphold the level of excellence and professionalism expected of members of the SOF community. Not everyone who pursues Special Operations training is successful, but everyone who attempts it is respectedregardless of the outcome. With a total of 4 days planning and coordination, the first attempts were made to restart electrical plants within the country. The entire effort was well established under the direction of the country team, led by Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker. Skills can be taught, and equipment bought. A Civil Affairs tab would be a clear indicator of the bearers professionalism and a distinguishing identifier of expertise and function. As the author, I did not participate in the survey. CORDS was created in 1967 to integrate U.S. civilian and military support of the South Vietnamese government and people. [3] Between World War I and World War II, the U.S. Army was involved in a surprising number of civic action projects such as the Civilian Conservation Corps. These broadening assignments illustrate CA Rule #3: The current force is aware and feels trapped. A lack of SOF CA doctrine leaves a void of specified responsibility. The. Tens of thousands of ROK government employees participate in annual CMO training as well. In 2017 less than 20% agreed that CA has clear goals for the strategic implementation of CA. In 2020, that number again fell to less than 10%. From https://fb9cc97d-daff-4fca-bc96-2d807a0888c6.filesusr.com/ugd/efc179_bd8efec1f1184f6c8f7e6fff3ebf0aa0.pdf, Simons, A. 40% of 2020 survey respondents stated they are leaving Active-Duty and would have completed a twenty-year career in a different branch. GTA 41-01-001. Prior to Civil Affairs, he was a Platoon Leader, Executive Officer, and the OIC of the Jungle Operations Training Center (JOTC) in the 25th Infantry Division. Furthermore, contrary to CAs attempt to lay claim to the task of Civil Engagement, every ARSOF branch can and regularly does conduct civil engagements. Survey methodology: answers were anonymous and limited to a single response. ASCOPE-PMESII are analysis methodologies intended to increase understanding of the operational environment. It is time to see those words manifested in a SOF CA General Officer who represents SOF CA forcefully and adequately in doctrine development, training, and resources. Special Warfare Magazine, pp. From The Civil Affairs Association: https://www.civilaffairsassoc.org/post/developing-the-civil-affairs-identity?postId=602d3ca372ac9000177bb070, Jackman, B. Serves as a technical reconnaissance expert of a regionally aligned four-person team, responsible for assessing civil networks and critical infrastructure. Teams tie Civil Reconnaissancea perhaps intentionally and appropriately vague termand assessments into one: assessing schools, assessing power plants, etc. The CAD was responsible for 80 million European civilians; yet no documented case of overt opposition has ever come to light. Perhaps it is pernicious careerism inevitable in a small officer evaluation report (OER) pool or the result of hemorrhaged talent to the civilian sector. Civil Affairs Soldiers are prepared to execute their assigned missions in politically sensitive, austere, remote, non-permissive, and dense urban environments. Do SOF CA Teams and Companies truly possess expertise [in] governance and governance functions (Department of the Army, 2021, p. 2-4), as the manual boldly claims? CA troops were with the first Coalition forces to enter Kuwait City. When you join Active-Duty Civil Affairs, you learn what the (current) key tasks are but never get around to the how. Komer was energetic, strong-willed, and persistent in getting the program started. In 2019, CA doctrine stated that CA Soldiers are trained, educated and organized to support or execute the functions of a civil administration during transitional military authority or SCA [support to civil administration] (Headquarters, Department of the Army, 2019, pp. Keep your adrenaline flowing as you take on fast-paced and high-intensity missions in remote regions around the world. If SOF CA continues to erode its legitimacy in this manner, it will destroy the branch. This is not to undercut the difficulty of the training, nor the talent and accomplishments of the Soldiers serving in the United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command (USACAPOC). FM 3-57 Civil Affairs Operations. Discussing CA's inability to define themselves, (then) Major Saiduddin and Sergeant First Class Schafer, The 2019 version of FM 3-57, Civil Affairs Operationsthe doctrine most relevant to the time of surveys administrationstated that CA forces are trained in language, negotiations, and mediation techniques, as well as the ability to identify cultural nuances, divergent worldviews, biases, prejudices, and stereotypes (Department of the Army, 2019). He wrote further, "Military government, the administration by military officers of civil government in occupied enemy territory, is a virtually inevitable concomitant of modern warfare. A brief by an SF officer to the other SF officers and SF NCOs sitting around the table it.! Bosnian farmers and a person itself involved for the strategic implementation of.! Gen. Winfield scott could be considered the `` Father of Civil Affairs are! Created in 1967 to integrate U.S. civilian and military support of: Unconventional warfare & foreign Defense! 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