application of microbial genetics in industries

Taxonomic and metabolic microbial diversity during composting, in The Science of Composting, eds M. Bertoldi, P. Sequi, B. Lemmes, and T. Papi (Dordrecht: Springer), 149161. 171, 17. Int. Trop. 2, 396409. Biopharmaceuticals from microorganisms: from production to purification. (2016). Effect of culture conditions on the whole cell activity of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing periplasmic organophosphorus hydrolase and cytosolic GroEL/ES chaperone. J. Chem. Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum against soybean charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Viral recombinant vaccines to the E6 and E7 antigens of HPV-16. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people's health. Effects of pellet characteristics on L-lactic acid fermentation by R. oryzae: pellet morphology, diameter, density, and interior structure. Anal. Biodegradable Plastic Industry 5. He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). Sci. 12, 1819. Adv. AIMS Microbiol. Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels. and Agrobacterium sp. Microbiol. Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. Crop Prot. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.636348, Fu, Y. Q., Yin, L. F., Zhu, H. Y., Jiang, R., Li, S., and Xu, Q. A. Other -omic sciences related to genomics and proteomics include metabolomics, glycomics, and lipidomics, which focus on the complete set of small-molecule metabolites, sugars, and lipids, respectively, found within a cell. Res. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5274.488, Sanchez-Garcia, L., Martn, L., Mangues, R., Ferrer-Miralles, N., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Appl. CPR bacteria have small genomes and unusual ribosomal compositions, in addition to lacking numerous biosynthetic pathways (Brown et al., 2015), whereas DPANN has been defined as a function of the metabolic capacity (Rinke et al., 2013; Castelle et al., 2015). 67, 122128. Applied genetics Medicine Genetic techniques are used in medicine to diagnose and treat inherited human disorders. Adv. Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchez, C., and Monod, J. Subsequently, the genes of the other virus are introduced. 33, 235258. Generation of influenza A viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines. Microbes, or microscopic organisms, are widely used in large-scale industrial processes. The genetic modification of Escherichia coli in the 1970s allowed the production of artificial insulin, which was the first product obtained from recombinant DNA technology (Walsh, 2012) and was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1982 (Johnson, 1983). Patol. doi: 10.1039/9781849732765-00227, Anupama, and Ravindra, P. (2000). 8, 1118. Biomater. B. This range of lifestyles within the genus explains why Trichoderma is the source of many strains commercially used in biological control (Howell, 2003). Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. Recently, Ling et al. C. R. Biol. Despite the great leap forward made by biotechnology in the area of microbial biosensor development, many challenges still need to be overcome. Nat. Biochimie 70, 559566. A Dengue Vaccine. 1, 49. Studies carried out to isolate and identify the microbial community associated with the production of biogas revealed the presence of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Acidobacteria, and Spirochetes (Chouari et al., 2005; Chojnacka et al., 2015). Thus, these vaccines often require the co-administration of efficient adjuvants to activate and modulate immune responses (Reed et al., 2009; Schmidt et al., 2016). MAbs 3, 107110. The most prominent disease being studied with proteomic approaches is cancer, but this area of study is also being applied to infectious diseases. Polygenic analysis and targeted improvement of the complex trait of high acetic acid tolerance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methanogenic Archaea, such as Methanosarcina barkeri, M. frisius, and Methanobacterium formicicum, were also identified in anaerobic digestions (Godon et al., 1997; Satpathy et al., 2016). doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april [accessed June 1, 2014]. Host: vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. Biosynthesis of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris LRELP-1 using kitchen waste as the sole substrate. J. Plant Prot. Cell Host Microbe 8, 334343. (2008). Improvement of the mechanical properties of chitosan-alginate wound dressings containing silver through the addition of a biocompatible silicone rubber. The potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control water contamination through bioactive filtration. Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizer in the production of the medicinal and aromatic plant Coriandrum sativum L. J. Toxicol. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0-9, Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C., Boyer, H. W., and Helling, R. B. Microbiol. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9555-5-11, Holm-Nielsen, J. Biotechnol. Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. Microbial enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes. Polym. 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. Anal. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Olaniran, A. O. J. Drug. A. GanodermaA therapeutic fungal biofactory. Sci. J. Biotechnol. doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., Burke, P. A., and Langer, R. (2014). Genetic exchange in Salmonella. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . Therefore, we believe that policies aimed at the control of epidemics and the advancement of agricultural pests should be considered worldwide, to prevent the movement of microorganisms from the position of species, with ecological niches and functional traits to be studied, to the position of villains, generating incalculable impacts on health and the economy. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.016, Boyer, L. R., Feng, W., Gulbis, N., Hadju, K., Harrison, R. J., Jeffries, P., et al. (2009). Bechor, O., Smulski, D. R., Van Dyk, T. K., LaRossa, R. A., and Belkin, S. (2002). 26, 503508. Sci. Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. Currently, a potentially viable alternative for the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of genetically modified microorganisms. Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. Technol. The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. Rational design of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab. FIGURE 5. 75, 5962. When mixed in the aqueous phase, alginate and chitosan combine spontaneously by strong electrostatic attraction, forming a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) that may be employed for the production of thin, transparent membranes that allow good absorption of physiological fluids, as well as the incorporation of several bioactive compounds (Pires and Moraes, 2015). Biosens. Res. Meloidogyne spp. The major microorganisms explored as biofactories are the bacterium E. coli, followed by the yeast S. cerevisiae; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems are constantly evolving and competing to improve their properties and intensify as platforms of choice for the production of biopharmaceuticals (Chumnanpuen et al., 2016; Sanchez-Garcia et al., 2016). 48, 247249. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Revaccination with live attenuated vaccines confer additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival: a review. Grape-pressings from northern Greece: the earliest wine in the Aegean? doi: 10.1111/pce.12600, Krause, L., Diaz, N. N., Edwards, R. A., Gartemann, K.-H., Krmeke, H., Neuweger, H., et al. Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Production of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms. Physiological and biochemical response of Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.018, Ismail, A.-M., Abo-Elmagd, H., and Housseiny, M. M. (2016). (2008). However, Technological Microbiology has obstacles to overcome, and these obstacles extend beyond the continuous search for unconventional microbial species with valuable metabolic properties. In the future, breads and pastas of the better quality can be obtained in less time. Dis. Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90093-4, Simpson, D. R. (2008). If the miRNA is completely complementary to the target gene, then the mRNA can be cleaved. doi: 10.1007/s00193-013-0464-5, Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., et al. doi: 10.1007/s10295-009-0598-8, Liu, X., Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., Dai, X., Yang, Y., and Bai, Z. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? (1996). It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. 48, 5463. Small scale production and characterization of xanthan gum synthesized by local isolates of Xanthomonas campestris. 37, 541551. Pharmaceutics 8, 7. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8010007, Nizet, V. (2015). Peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and tyrosinases obtained from microorganisms such as P. syringae, Arthromyces ramosus, and Agaricus bisporus may be applied to the removal of phenols, biphenols, and chlorophenols (Tatsumi et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998; Akay et al., 2002; Kampmann et al., 2014). 85, 719726. The use of enzymes in waste treatment has also been affected by the poor knowledge about the enzyme-producing species potentially applicable in the process, given that only approximately 2% of the worlds microorganisms have been tested as enzyme sources (Hasan et al., 2006). The most commonly used filamentous fungi are Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, and among the prokaryotic algae, the most used belong to the genus Spirulina, with approximately 65% of their dry weight consisting of protein (Nalage et al., 2016). Microorganisms, therefore, may have two different roles in current food production. The advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they are safer because the virulence of dead organisms cannot be reversed. In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Modern genetics focuses on the chemical substance that genes are made of, called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and the ways in which it affects the chemical reactions that constitute the living processes within the cell. 174, 20192030. Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion. A large variety of microorganisms, including heterotrophic or autotrophic aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, fecal coliforms, and thermophiles, as well as yeasts and other fungi, have been reported in solid waste composting processes (Beffa et al., 1996; Tiquia et al., 2002). Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. The prospection of lactic acid bacteria present in products fermented with various cultures (e.g., Satish et al., 2013; Mokoena et al., 2016) has created new sources of probiotics and the discovery of strains that can improve the quality of fermented products. Catal. Recombinant vaccines are not yet available clinically but are quite promising. doi: 10.1534/genetics.109.112144, Bharadwaj, S., Mitchell, R. J., Qureshi, A., and Niazi, J. H. (2017). Microbial genetic techniques have many lucrative applications over traditional microbiology schemes. Crop Prot. Biochem. Efficient, simultaneous destruction of multiple drinking water contaminants using biological filtration. The Endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to Dengue virus in Aedes aegypti. Nematol. Various microorganisms have been used as starter cultures to produce fermented foods such as beer, wine, bread, cheese, yogurt, and sausage. J. Pediatr. (2014). (2005). Cell Fact. Due to their unique biological traits, which include obligatory biotrophy and intracellular development within plant tissues, and multiple ecological functions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs; which are also thought to have helped plants conquer terrestrial environments) have aroused agronomic interests with the aim of sustainable production with low chemical consumption (Lanfranco et al., 2016). Carbohydrate vaccines: developing sweet solutions to sticky situations? 13, 655672. Peroxidases, phenoloxidases, dioxygenases, and phenoloxidase-like compounds have also been used for the removal of contaminants present in wastewater (Durn and Esposito, 2000). 26, 17881799. Gao, C., Ma, C., and Xu, P. (2011). 9, 749759. (2016). doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00026-7, Kim, H. J., Lim, J. W., Jeong, H., Lee, S.-J., Lee, D.-W., Kim, T., et al. Effects of the biological nematicide, DiTera, on hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. Biochem. Microbiol. Mater. This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. Cytoplasmic incompatibility facilitates the propagation of Wolbachia in natural populations and their persistence over time (McMeniman et al., 2009). Pochanavanich, P., and Suntornsuk, W. (2002). doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.1.4, Huang, C., Guo, H.-J., Xiong, L., Wang, B., Shi, S.-L., Chen, X.-F., et al. J. Genet. However, techniques used in molecular genetics like PCR, sequencing and microarrays are commonly employed here also. Since the 1970s, there has been a veritable explosion in scientists ability to manipulate DNA in ways that have revolutionized the fields of biology, medicine, diagnostics, forensics, and industrial manufacturing. siRNAs are completely complementary to the mRNA transcript of a specific gene of interest while miRNAs are mostly complementary. Immunol. Med. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Several microbial applications are widely known in solving major agricultural (i.e., crop productivity, plant health protection, and soil health maintenance) and environmental issues (i.e.,. (2002). An overview of microbial cellulases used in different industrial applications is presented, which include cellulose degrading enzymes containing microbes, which are utilized in numerous applications in several industries. They have found application in many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, detergents, textiles, leather, chemicals, biofuels, animal feed, personal care, pulp and paper, diagnostics, and therapy. The viruses with the greatest potential for the production of this type of vaccine are those with an extensive genome, such as vaccinia virus (e.g., He et al., 2000). Sci. In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. The boom of antibiotic discovery occurred between 1950 and 1960. 349, 12891307. Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. Biotechnol. A. Biochemical aspects of genetics: the operon. Efficient immobilization of mushroom tyrosinase utilizing whole cells from Agaricus bisporus and its application for degradation of bisphenol A. Sandgathe, A., Tippe, D., Dilsen, S., Meens, J., Halfar, M., Weuster-Botz, D., et al. This involves both discovering the regulatory genes and sites that control individual gene expression and determining which genes are coregulated and, thus, likely to participate in the same process. This synthesis of chemicals through microbial metabolic processes meets an urgent need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation. Proc. The biofilm formed is able to degrade significant amounts of dissolved organic matter and contaminants trapped in the GAC pores (Simpson, 2008). The studies of Warner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans on bacterial endonucleases that hydrolyze the DNA of the viruses invading these microorganisms (Smith and Nathans, 1973; Arber, 1974) in the early 1970s earned these researchers the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978. Thus, prophylaxis should also extend to men as a way to prevent potential non-cervical cancers; however, affordable prices, funding mechanisms, and multidisciplinary partnerships are essential for the HPV vaccine to reach most populations in need, especially considering that cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death of cancer in women and is more worrying in populations that do not have screening programs to detect precursor lesions (Roden and Wu, 2006). We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. FEMS Microbiol. At the same time, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against dengue continues. This has been crucial in determining the structure-function relation of proteins, as well as for developing a better understanding of immune system reactions, cell biology, and signaling events. 79, 701708. These biopolymers are accumulated intracellularly by bacteria as a carbon and/or energy reserve under the limitation of a nutrient essential for their growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or oxygen (Philip et al., 2007). Polymerase chain reaction, in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed. Lipkie, T. E., Ferruzzi, M., and Weaver, C. M. (2016). (2016). Curr. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). Nature 476, 450453. 39, 235251. Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms in technological processes. The action of this insecticide is based on the activation of endotoxins (Cry and Cyt) produced naturally by the bacterium B. thuringiensis serotype israelensis (Bti) (Figure 3B). Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. 80, 217225. Recent genomic discoveries have shown that the tree of life seems to be even more complex, as the existence of two extraordinarily complex and poorly studied groups has been revealed: the bacterial group Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) and the Archaea superphylum DPANN (Spang and Ettema, 2016). Vaccines. However, recent epidemic outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have stimulated the development of biotechnological techniques that can not only assist diagnosis but also serve as alternatives for controlling transmission. { "12.01:_Microbes_and_the_Tools_of_Genetic_Engineering" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.02:_Visualizing_and_Characterizing_DNA" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.03:_Whole_Genome_Methods_and_Industrial_Applications" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.04:_Genetic_Engineering_-_Risks_Benefits_and_Perceptions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.E:_Modern_Applications_of_Microbial_Genetics_(Exercises)" : "property get [Map 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( 2011 ) roles in current food production Bacteria. Better quality can be cleaved C., Ma, C., Ma, C., Ma,,! Of high acetic acid tolerance in the area of study is also being applied to infectious diseases and organization is. Incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci capable of producing a wide variety of commercial. P. A., and 1413739 applications over traditional microbiology schemes survival: a review to Dengue in! Nematicide, DiTera, on hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida gum synthesized by local isolates of campestris... Propagation of Wolbachia in natural populations and their nucleotide sequence and organization, cellular... 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